home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- $Unique_ID{BRK04186}
- $Pretitle{}
- $Title{Reye Syndrome}
- $Subject{Reye Syndrome Hepatic Encephalopathy Liver
- Degeneration-Encephalopathy Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy Medium Chain CoA
- Dehydrogenase Deficiency}
- $Volume{}
- $Log{}
-
- Copyright (C) 1986, 1987, 1988, 1991, 1992 National Organization for Rare
- Disorders, Inc.
-
- 108:
- Reye Syndrome
-
- ** IMPORTANT **
- It is possible the main title of the article (Reye Syndrome) is not the
- name you expected. Please check the SYNONYM listing to find the alternate
- names and disorder subdivisions covered by this article.
-
- Synonyms
-
- Hepatic Encephalopathy
- Liver Degeneration-Encephalopathy
- Fatty Liver with Encephalopathy
-
- Disorders section of this report.
-
- Medium Chain CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency
-
- General Discussion
-
- ** REMINDER **
- The information contained in the Rare Disease Database is provided for
- educational purposes only. It should not be used for diagnostic or treatment
- purposes. If you wish to obtain more information about this disorder, please
- contact your personal physician and/or the agencies listed in the "Resources"
- section.
-
-
- Reye Syndrome is a combination of acute brain disease (encephalopathy)
- and fatty degeneration of the abdominal organs (viscera), which tends to
- follow some acute virus infections (such as flu or chicken pox), combined
- with certain toxins (usually aspirin). Besides these viruses and toxins,
- deficiencies of the enzymes needed in the urea cycle appear to be a
- contributing factor to Reye Syndrome.
-
- Symptoms
-
- Vomiting after the onset of a viral illness is usually the first sign of Reye
- Syndrome. However, children under the age of 2 years may exhibit diarrhea
- and/or hyperventilation instead of vomiting. Next, behaviorial changes such
- as listlessness, sleepiness, irritability, aggressive and irrational
- behavior, and disorientation may occur. The child may then progress to a
- comatose state often within three to five days after the onset of symptoms.
- There may also be seizures. A complete recovery is possible. However, brain
- damage, ranging from a slight decrease in I.Q. to total paralysis, may occur.
-
- Causes
-
- Reye Syndrome appears to be caused by certain toxins given to individuals
- with a deficiency of enzymes needed in the digestive cycle. These enzymes
- break down the ammonium from proteins into urea which is excreted in the
- urine (urea cycle). This disorder is often associated with the use of
- aspirin to treat viral infections. The Centers for Disease Control, the AMA,
- and the American Academy of Pediatrics have issued statements warning against
- the use of aspirin in children with chickenpox and gastrointestinal flu-like
- illness. The FDA has also stated that medications such as tigan, compazine,
- thorazine and phenergan as well as other phenothiazines (a broad category of
- drugs) used to stop vomiting might possibly contribute to the severity of
- Reye Syndrome or mask its early symptoms. Except for aspirin, these drugs
- are only available by prescription.
-
- A recent scientific study indicated that ninety percent of children
- diagnosed with Reye Syndrome had taken salicylate drugs (such as aspirin)
- during the illness preceding onset of Reye's. The FDA considers this to be
- firm scientific evidence of the link between Reye Syndrome and aspirin.
-
- In 1990 researchers discovered that a few children who had died of Reye
- Syndrome lacked a certain enzyme that is needed to break down short-chain
- fatty acids. The beta oxidation defects cause fatty change in the liver
- muscle, and swelling of the brain. They suspect that this defect may only
- cause symptoms after a long period of fasting (not eating) which triggers low
- blood sugar and high concentrations of lactic acid in these children. The
- enzyme deficiency is inherited. However, more research is needed to confirm
- this theory.
-
- Affected Population
-
- Reye Syndrome occurs most frequently in white suburban children under the age
- of 16 years who have recently had viral illnesses such as chickenpox or
- influenza. However, it can also occur in newborns, adolescents, and even the
- middle-aged. The incidence of Reye Syndrome in teenagers has been rising in
- recent years, indicating that they may self-medicate with aspirin.
-
- The incidence of Reye Syndrome seems to be affected by the intensity
- and/or type of influenza activity year by year, according to the National
- Reye Syndrome Surveillance System. However, in 1984, influenza activity rose
- while reported cases of Reye Syndrome in children under ten years of age
- decreased. The number of cases in adolescents increased slightly. The
- decreased incidence for children under ten was apparent in cases with both
- chicken pox (varicella) and respiratory illness.
-
- Related Disorders
-
- Medium Chain CoA Dehydrogenase Deficiency is a very rare metabolic disorder
- characterized by a deficiency of the enzyme medium chain CoA dehydrogenase.
- This enzyme is needed in the breakdown (metabolism) of fats. Low blood sugar
- (hypoglycemia), lack of energy (lethargy) and possibly coma, associated with
- fatty changes in the liver, usually occur. During hypoglycemic periods,
- tests usually show massive amounts of dicarboxylic acid in the urine. (For
- more information on this disorder, choose "Medium Chain CoA" as your search
- term in the Rare Disease Database.)
-
- Therapies: Standard
-
- Reye Syndrome is diagnosed by liver function testing and the presenting
- symptoms. Immediate supportive treatment and care in an intensive care unit
- is vital for recovery since there is no known specific therapy for the
- disorder. Permanent neurological damage, such as mental impairment, can be
- present after recovery from the acute episode of the disease.
-
- Therapies: Investigational
-
- This disease entry is based upon medical information available through March
- 1991. Since NORD's resources are limited, it is not possible to keep every
- entry in the Rare Disease Database completely current and accurate. Please
- check with the agencies listed in the Resources section for the most current
- information about this disorder.
-
- Resources
-
- For more information on Reye Syndrome, please contact:
-
- National Organization for Rare Disorders (NORD)
- P.O. Box 8923
- New Fairfield, CT 06812-1783
- (203) 746-6518
-
- National Reye Syndrome Foundation
- P.O. Box 829
- Bryan, Ohio 43506
- (419) 636-2679
-
- NIH/National Institute of Neurological Disorders & Stroke (NINDS)
- 9000 Rockville Pike
- Bethesda, MD 20892
- (301) 496-5751
- (800) 352-9424
-
- Centers for Disease Control (CDC)
- 1600 Clifton Road, N.E.
- Atlanta, GA 30333
- (404) 639-3534
-
- Office of Consumer Affairs (HFE-88)
- Food and Drug Administration
- 5600 Fishers Lane
- Rockville, MD 20857
-
- References
-
- Budd, R., "Spotting Reye Syndrome while there's still time", RN,
- December, 1983. p. 39-42.
-
-